Training Documents
METAR - MÉTéorologique Aviation Régulière
MÉTéorologique Aviation Régulière, or commonly recognised as METAR, is a meteorological reporting systems used in the aviation industry. It is predominately used for pilots in fulfillment of a part of a pre-flight weather briefing, and by meteorologists, who use aggregated METAR information to assist inweather forecasting.
| METAR Code Explanation[wikipedia] | |
| $ | Maintenance check indicator |
| (+) | Heavy intensity |
| (-) | Light intensity |
| / | Indicator that visual range data follows; separator between temperature and dew point data |
| ACC | Altocumulus castellanus |
| ACFT MSHP | Aircraft mishap |
| ACSL | Altocumulus standing lenticular cloud |
| ALP | Airport location point |
| AO1 | Automated station without precipitation discriminator |
| AO2 | Automated station with precipitation discriminator |
| APCH | Approach |
| APRNT | Apparent |
| APRX | Approximately |
| ATCT | Airport traffic control tower |
| AUTO | Fully automated report |
| B | Began |
| BC | Patches |
| BKN | Broken |
| BL | Blowing |
| BR | Mist |
| C | Center (with reference to runway designation) |
| CA | Cloud-air lighting |
| CAVOK | Ceilivng and visibility OK |
| CB | Cumulonimbus cloud |
| CBMAM | Cumulonimbus mammatus cloud |
| CC | Cloud-cloud lightning |
| CCSL | Cirrocumulus standing lenticular cloud |
| CD | Candela |
| CG | Cloud-ground lightning |
| CHI | Cloud-height indicator |
| CHINO | Sky condition at secondary location not available |
| CIG | Ceiling |
| CLR | Clear |
| CONS | Continuous |
| COR | Correction to a previously disseminated observation |
| DOC | Department of Commerce |
| DOD | Department of Defence |
| DOT | Department of Transportation |
| DR | Low drifting |
| DS | Duststorm |
| DSIPTG | Dissipating |
| DSNT | Distant |
| DU | Widespread dust |
| DVR | Dispatch visual range |
| DZ | Drizzle |
| E | East, ended, estimated ceiling (SAO) |
| FAA | Federal Aviation Administration |
| FC | Funnel cloud |
| FEW | Few clouds |
| FG | Fog |
| FIBI | Filed but impracticable to transmit |
| FIRST | First observation after a break in coverage at manual station |
| FMH-1 | Federal Meteorological Handbook No.1, Surface Weather Observations & Reports (METAR) |
| FMH-2 | Federal Meteorological Handbook No.2, Surface Synoptic Codes |
| FROPA | Frontal passage |
| FRQ | Frequent |
| FT | Feet |
| FU | Smoke |
| FZ | Freezing |
| FZRANO | Freezing rain sensor not available |
| G | Gust |
| GR | Hail |
| GS | Small hail and/or snow pellets |
| HLSTO | HLSTO hailstone |
| HZ | Haze |
| IC | Ice crystals, in-cloud lightning |
| ICAO | International Civil Aviation Organisation |
| INCRG | Increasing |
| INTMT | Intermittent |
| KT | Knots |
| L | Left (with reference to runway designation) |
| LAST | Last observation before a break in coverage at a manual station |
| LST | Local Standard Time |
| LTG | Lightning |
| LWR | Lower |
| M | Minus, less than |
| MAX | Maximum |
| METAR | Routine weather report provided at fixed intervals |
| MI | Shallow |
| MIN | Minimum |
| MOV | Moved/moving/movement |
| MT | Mountains |
| N | North |
| N/A | Not applicable |
| NCDC | National Climate Data Center |
| NE | Northeast |
| NOS | National Ocean Survey |
| NOSIG | No significant change |
| NOSPECI | No SPECI reports are taken at the station |
| NOTAM | Notice to Airmen |
| NW | Northwest |
| NWS | National Weather Service |
| OCNL | Occasional |
| OFCM | Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology |
| OHD | Overhead |
| OVC | Overcast |
| OVR | Over |
| P | Indicates greater than the highest reportable value |
| PCPN | Precipitation |
| PK WND | Peak wind |
| PL | Ice pellets |
| PNO | Precipitation amount not available |
| PO | Dust/sand whirls (dust devils) |
| PR | Partial |
| PRES | Pressure |
| PRESFR | Pressure falling rapidly |
| PRESRR | Pressure rising rapidly |
| PWINO | Precipitation identifier sensor not available |
| PY | Spray |
| R | Right (with reference to runway designation), runway |
| RA | Rain |
| RTD | Routine Delayed (late) observation |
| RV | Reportable value |
| RVR | Runway Visual Range |
| RVRNO | RVR system values not available |
| RY | Runway |
| S | Snow, south |
| SA, | Sand |
| SCSL | Stratocumulus standing lenticular cloud |
| SCT | Scattered |
| SE | Southeast |
| SFC | Surface |
| SG | Snow grains |
| SH | Shower(s) |
| SKC | Sky clear |
| SLP | Sea-level pressure |
| SLPNO | Sea-level pressure not available |
| SM | Statute Miles |
| SN | Snow |
| SNINCR | Snow increasing rapidly |
| SP | Snow pellets |
| SPECI | An unscheduled report taken when certain criteria have been met |
| SQ | Squalls |
| SS | Sandstorm |
| STN | Station |
| SW | Snow shower, southwest |
| TCU | Towering cumulus |
| TS | Thunderstorm |
| TSNO | Thunderstorm information not available |
| TWR | Tower |
| UNKN | Unknown |
| UP | Unknown precipitation |
| UTC | Coordinated Universal Time |
| V | Variable |
| VA | Volcanic ash |
| VC | In the vicinity |
| VIS | Visibility |
| VISNO | Visibility at secondary location not available |
| VR | Visual Range |
| VRB | Variable |
| VV | Vertical Visibility |
| W | West |
| WG/SO | Working Group for Surface Observations |
| WMO | World Meteorological Organization |
| WND | Wind |
| WS | Wind shear |
| WSHFT | Wind shift |
| Z | Zulu, i.e., Coordinated Universal Time |
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Radio communication example
- _ATIS：Automatic Terminal Information Service
- _GND：Ground
- _TWR：Tower
- _APP： Approach/Departure
- _CTR： Area Control
- Noibai (VVNB) GND: 121.90 TWR: 118.40 APP: 125.10 CTR: 125.90 ATIS: 127.00
Request airway clearance
HVN628 Noibai ground, good morning, Vietnam Airlines 628, at stand 1, type Boeing 777, request IFR clearance to Hochiminh, flight plan submitted, and receiving Bravo. VVNB_GND Good morning Vietnam Airlines 628, you are cleared to Hochiminh, expect runway 11R for departures, VITRA 1A departure, initial climb 5000ft, expect FL360, QNH 1007, departure frequency 118.40, squawk 4610 HVN628 Cleared to Hochiminh, expect runway 11R for departures, VITRA 1A departure, initial climb 5000ft, expect FL360, QNH 1007, departure frequency 118.40, squawk 4610, Vietnam Airlines 628 VVNB_GND Vietnam Airlines 628, readback correct, report when ready for push and start. Push and start HVN628 Noibai Ground, Vietnam Airlines 628, at stand 1, information BRAVO, request push back and start up. VVNB_GND Vietnam Airlines 628, push and start approved, face west, departure runway 11R, advise when ready for taxi HVN628 Push and start approved, facing west, departure 11R, Vietnam 220, will call when ready for taxi, Vietnam Airlines 628 Taxi HVN628 Noibai Ground, Vietnam Airlines 628, request taxi VVNB_TWR Vietnam Airlines 628, taxi holding point runway 11R, taxi way EW, S6A, S1 HVN628 Taxi holding point runway 11R, taxi way EW, S6A, S1, Vietnam Airlines 628 Approaching holding point VVNB_GND Vietnam Airlines 628, contact Noibai tower on 118.40, good day HVN628 Contacting Noibai tower on 118.40, Vietnam Airlines 628, good day Take off HVN628 Noibai Tower, good morning, Vietnam Airlines 628 with you VVNB_TWR Vietnam Airlines 628, good morning, line up and wait runway 11R HVN628 Line up and wait runway 11R, Vietnam Airlines 628 When HVN628 is ready for departure, VVNB_TWR Vietnam Airlines 628, wind 130 degree at 5 knots, clear for take off runway 11R, report airborne HVN628 Runway 11R, wind copied, clear for take off runway 11R report airborne, Vietnam Airlines 628 Airborne HVN628 Noibai Tower, Vietnam Airlines 628, airborne VVNB_TWR Vietnam Airlines 628, contact Hanoi Approach 125.10, Good Day! HVN628 Contact Hanoi approach 125.10, Vietnam Airlines 628, Good Day! ApproachOn 125.10, HVN628 Good morning Hanoi Approach, Vietnam 220 with you, runway heading, passing 1500 feet to 5000 feet. VVNB_APP Vietnam Airlines 628, Good morning, Hanoi Approach, identified, climb to Flight Level 250, follow VITRA1A departure. HVN628 Roger, climb to FL250, follow VITRA1A departure, Vietnam Airlines 628 VVNB_APP Vietnam Airlines 628, contact Hanoi Control 125.90, Good Day! HVN628 Contacting Hanoi Control 125.90, Good Day, Vietnam Airlines 628 Control
On 125.90, HVN628 Good morning Hanoi Control, Vietnam Airlines 628 with you, passing FL250 to FL360 VVNB_CTR Good morning Vietnam Airlines 628, Hanoi Control, identified, resume own navigation, continue climb and maitain FL360. HVN628 Roger, maitain own navigation, climb and maitain FL360, Vietnam Airlines 628 VVNB_CTR Vietnam Airlines 628, you are leaving my airspace, contact Ho Chi Minh control 120.10, Goodbye! HVN628 Contacting Ho Chi Minh control 120.10, Goodbye, Vietnam Airlines 628 On 121.10, HVN628 Good morning Ho Chi Minh Control, Vietnam Airlines 628 with you, 20 miles to DAN at FL360 VVTS_CTR Good morning Vietnam Airlines 628, Hochiminh control, radar identified When approaching top of descend, VVTS_CTR Vietnam Airlines 628, maintain FL360 when overhead BMT, report top of decent HVN628 Maintain FL360 when overhead BMT, report approaching top of decent, Vietnam Airlines 628 At top of descend, HVN628 Hochiminh control, Vietnam Airlines 628, approaching top of decent VVTS_CTR Vietnam Airlines 628, descend FL100 HVN628 Descend FL100, Vietnam Airlines 628 When approaching handoff point or altitude, VVTS_CTR Vietnam Airlines 628, contact Tansonnhat Approach 125.50, good day HVN628 Contacting Tansonnhat Approach 125.50, good day, Vietnam Airlines 628. Approach ControlAfter contacting 125.50,
HVN628 Tansonnhat approach, good morning, Vietnam Airlines 628, descending FL100, with you VVTS_APP Vietnam Airlines 628, good morning, Tansonnhat approach, radar identified, continue descend altitude 7000 feet, QNH 1010, vectoring ILS approach 25R HVN628 Radar identified, Descend 7000, ILS 25R approach, QNH 1010, Vietnam Airlines 628 VVTS_APP Vietnam Airlines 628, turn left heading 170, descend 4000 feet HVN628 Continue descend 4000 feet left heading 170,, Vietnam Airlines 628 When approaching Initial Approach Fix VVTS_APP Vietnam Airlines 628, Turn right heading 220, descend 2000 feet, cleard ILS approach 25R, report established HVN628 Continue descend 2000 feet, heading 220, cleard ILS approach 25R, will report when established localizer, Vietnam Airlines 628 Established localizer 25R, HVN628 Tansonnhat approach, Vietnam Airlines 628, established localizer runway 25R VVTS_APP Vietnam Airlines 628, you are 13 miles from touchdown, contact Tower 118.70, Good Day!. HVN628 Contacting Tower 118.70, Good Day, Vietnam Airlines 628 Landing On 118.70 HVN628 Tansonnhat tower, good morning, Vietnam Airlines 628 is on ILS approach, runway 25R VVTS_TWR Vietnam Airlines 628, good morning, continue ILS approach runway 25R, QNH 1009 HVN628 Continue ILS approach runway 25R, QNH 1009, Vietnam Airlines 628 VVTS_TWR Vietnam Airlines 628, surface wind 240 degree 4 knots, runway 25R, cleard to land, report vacated HVN628 Runway 25R, cleared to land, surface wind 240 degree 4 knots, runway 25R, cleard to land, report vacated, Vietnam Airlines 628 Vacated runway, HVN628 Tansonnhat tower, Vietnam Airlines 628, vacated runway 25R VVTS_TWR Vietnam Airlines 628, contact ground 121.90, good day HVN628 Contacting ground 121.90, good day, Vietnam Airlines 628 Ground controlOn 121.90, HVN628 Tansonnhat ground, good morning, Vietnam Airlines 628, vacated at W4 VVTS_GND Vietnam Airlines 628, good morning, taxi to gate 6 via taxiway W7A, W7B report shut down HVN628 Taxi to gate 6 via taxiway W7A, W7B, report shutting down, Vietnam Airlines 628 Parked at gate, HVN628 Tansonnhat ground, Vietnam Airlines 628, at gate 6, shutting down VVTS_GND Vietnam Airlines 628, welcome to Hochiminh City, local time 09:00, outside temperature 26, shut down approved, good day HVN628 Local time 09:00, outside temperature 26, shut down approved, thank you, Vietnam Airlines 628.
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